Developing a privacy-preserving deep learning model for glaucoma detection: a multicentre study with federated learning.

BACKGROUND: Deep learning (DL) is promising to detect glaucoma. However, patients' privacy and data security are major concerns when pooling all data for model development. We developed a privacy-preserving DL model using the federated learning (FL) paradigm to detect glaucoma from optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. METHODS: This is a multicentre study. The FL paradigm consisted of a 'central server' and seven eye centres in Hong Kong, the USA and Singapore. Each centre first trained a model locally with its own OCT optic disc volumetric dataset and then uploaded its model parameters to the central server. The central server used FedProx algorithm to aggregate all centres' model parameters. Subsequently, the aggregated parameters are redistributed to each centre for its local model optimisation. We experimented with three three-dimensional (3D) networks to evaluate the stabilities of the FL paradigm. Lastly, we tested the FL model on two prospectively collected unseen datasets. RESULTS: We used 9326 volumetric OCT scans from 2785 subjects. The FL model performed consistently well with different networks in 7 centres (accuracies 78.3%-98.5%, 75.9%-97.0%, and 78.3%-97.5%, respectively) and stably in the 2 unseen datasets (accuracies 84.8%-87.7%, 81.3%-84.8%, and 86.0%-87.8%, respectively). The FL model achieved non-inferior performance in classifying glaucoma compared with the traditional model and significantly outperformed the individual models. CONCLUSION: The 3D FL model could leverage all the datasets and achieve generalisable performance, without data exchange across centres. This study demonstrated an OCT-based FL paradigm for glaucoma identification with ensured patient privacy and data security, charting another course toward the real-world transition of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology.

Treatment outcomes and their determinants of IgG4-related ophthalmic disease: a territory-wide cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Oral corticosteroid remains the first-line treatment of IgG4-related ophthalmic disease, but steroid-dependence is common and serious. Factors associated with steroid dependence and relapse have to be further explored. STUDY POPULATION: A city-wide, biopsy-proven, Chinese cohort. METHODS: Retrospective, masked review of medical records, orbital images and histopathology reports. RESULTS: There were 101 patients with at least 24-month follow-up. Up to 82% (82/101) received oral corticosteroid as first-line treatments, and 7 of them received also concomitant steroid-sparing agents (SSA)/biological agents as primary treatment. There was 61% (50/82) of patients required long-term corticosteroid (alone=23, with SSA=27) after 1.9±0.7 (range 1-5) relapses. When compared with the 21% (17/82) of patients who tapered corticosteroid successfully for 24 months, steroid dependence was associated with elevated baseline serum IgG4 level (94% vs 65%, p<0.01) and Mikulicz syndrome (46% vs 18%, p<0.05). Up to 13% (11/82) of patients tolerated residual disease after tapering off corticosteroid. There was 17% (17/101) of patients did not require any medications after biopsies. They were more likely to have debulking surgeries (71% vs 40%, p<0.05), discrete orbital lesions (65% vs 26%, p<0.05), normal baseline serum IgG4 level (24% vs 6%, p<0.05) and no Mikulicz syndrome (94% vs 61%, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In this cohort, 60% of patients required long-term maintenance oral corticosteroid. Elevated pretreatment serum IgG4 level and Mikulicz syndrome were associated with steroid dependence. Debulking surgery is an alternative for a subgroup of patients with discrete orbital lesions, normal baseline IgG4 level and no Mikulicz syndrome.

Radiological Determinants of Complicated Immunoglobulin G4-Related Ophthalmic Disease: A Territory-Wide Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the presenting radiological features of immunoglobulin G4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD) and their associations with IgG4-related optic neuropathy (IgG4-RON), and IgG4-related ocular adnexal lymphoma (IgG4-ROL). METHODS: A territory-wide, biopsy-proven, Chinese cohort. Masked review of orbital images, medical records, and histopathology reports. RESULTS: A total of 115 (94%) of the 122 patients in our cohort had preoperative orbital images (computed tomography=105, magnetic resonance imaging=40). Among them, 103/115 (90%) showed enlarged lacrimal glands, and 91 (88%) were bilateral. Nerve enlargement was observed: infraorbital in 31/115 (27%) patients and frontal in 17/115 (15%), 10 and 9 being bilateral, respectively. At least 1 or more extraocular muscle (EOM) enlargement was found in 41/115 (37%) patients, bilaterally in 20. Lateral rectus occurred in 30 (73%) of these 41 EOM patients and inferior rectus in 28 (68%). Two adjacent EOMs (inferior and lateral recti in 11 patients, inferior and medial recti in 7 patients) or multiple EOMs (at least 3) were enlarged in 23/41 (56%) and 13/41 (32%) of the patients, respectively. Intraconal lesions (67% vs 11%, P<0.05), infraorbital (83% vs 23%, P<0.005), or frontal (50% vs 15%, P<0.05) nerve enlargement was significantly associated with IgG4-RON (6 patients) by univariate analyses. Asymmetric lacrimal gland enlargement and discrete orbital mass (both P<0.05) were associated with IgG4-ROL (9 patients) by multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS: In this IgG4-ROD cohort, most patients had bilateral enlarged lacrimal glands, and the lateral rectus is the most frequently involved EOM. For the first time, unique radiological patterns associated with the development of IgG4-RON and IgG4-ROL are found.

Enhanced Monofocal Versus Conventional Monofocal Intraocular Lens in Cataract Surgery: A Meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To compare different outcomes of an enhanced monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) versus a conventional monofocal IOL implantation after cataract surgery. METHODS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guideline was used for abstracting data and assessing quality. Comparative studies between enhanced monofocal versus conventional monofocal IOL implantations reporting outcomes in monocular and binocular visual acuities at various distances, spectacle independence, contrast sensitivity, optical quality, and adverse effects were identified from three databases. Meta-analysis, sensitivity analysis, and subgroup analysis were performed. RESULTS: A total of 680 eyes implanted with an enhanced monofocal IOL (Tecnis Eyhance ICB00; Johnson & Johnson) and 647 eyes with a conventional monofocal IOL from 3 randomized controlled trials and 9 comparative studies were included. The enhanced monofocal IOL showed better monocular uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA) (mean difference [MD]: -0.11 logMAR; 95% CI: -0.12 to -0.09), binocular UIVA (MD: -0.17 logMAR; 95% CI: -0.23 to -0.11), and binocular uncorrected near visual acuity performance (MD: -0.17 logMAR; 95% CI: -0.29 to -0.04) than the conventional monofocal IOL. More patients were spectacle free at intermediate distance with the enhanced monofocal IOL (odds ratio: 12.9; 95% CI: 6.2 to 27.0). Both monocular (MD: -0.002 logMAR; 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.01) and binocular (MD: 0.01 logMAR; 95% CI: -0.02 to 0.03) uncorrected distance visual acuity revealed non-significant differences between the IOL designs. Contrast sensitivity, photic phenomenon, and adverse effects were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: Enhanced monofocal IOLs effectively improved unaided intermediate vision with similar distance performance relative to conventional monofocal IOLs. This was achieved without compromising the contrast sensitivity or inducing photic phenomena. [J Refract Surg. 2022;38(8):538-546.].

Late-Onset Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Keratitis After Small Incision Lenticule Extraction.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this article was to report a case of unilateral late-onset nontuberculous mycobacterial keratitis after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). METHODS: This was a case report. RESULTS: A 27-year-old woman presented with Mycobacterium chelonae keratitis 3 weeks after uncomplicated SMILE with a solitary interface infiltrate. The keratitis worsened after an initial response to topical fortified and interface antibiotic irrigation. Despite repeated interface irrigation and topical and oral antibiotics, progressive, diffuse stromal infiltrates followed by melting of the cap ensued over the next 6 weeks. Cap amputation and intrastromal antibiotic injection followed by prolonged topical and oral antibiotics usage for the following 5 weeks led to infiltrate resolution and re-epithelization of the residual stromal bed. All medications were tapered off over 6 months after initial presentation without recurrence, but anterior stromal scarring and corneal neovascularization persisted. CONCLUSIONS: Cap amputation and intrastromal antibiotic injection for intractable post-SMILE keratitis can prevent the need for therapeutic keratoplasty.

Outcomes and prognostic factors of cataract surgery in cytomegalovirus-related anterior uveitis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcomes of cataract surgery in patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) anterior uveitis and factors associated with final visual outcome. SETTING: Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. METHODS: History, clinical characteristics, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), medications, and complications of CMV anterior uveitic eyes that underwent cataract surgery between 2010 and 2020 were reviewed. RESULTS: This study included 26 eyes of 26 patients undergoing phacoemulsification. The median duration of disease was 4.8 years, and the median quiescent period preoperatively was 2.3 years. None required pupil manipulation or had significant intraoperative complications. The median CDVA improved from 20/100 (interquartile range [IQR] 20/200 to 20/50) preoperatively to 20/30 (IQR 20/40 to 20/25) at 1 year and 20/35 (IQR 20/50 to 20/30) at the last follow-up at a median of 4.9 years postoperatively ( P < .001). CDVA improved in 19 eyes (73.1%) and was ≥20/40 in 18 eyes (69.2%). In the multivariate regression model, preoperative use of topical 0.15% ganciclovir (ß = 0.33, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.48, P < .001) and adjunctive intraoperative intracameral dexamethasone 0.4 mg (ß = 0.19, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.36, P = .043) were associated with a better final CDVA. Loss of CDVA and poor postoperative CDVA visual acuity were mostly attributed to uveitic glaucoma, but preoperative glaucoma or the number of antiglaucoma medications did not affect final CDVA. CONCLUSIONS: Cataract surgery in eyes with CMV anterior uveitis was safe and CDVA significantly improved and remained sustained postoperatively. Topical ganciclovir 0.15% preoperatively and intracameral corticosteroid intraoperatively seem to maximize the final visual outcome.

Transient corneal ectasia after phacoemulsification in an eye with femtosecond intrastromal presbyopic treatment.

We report a case of transient corneal ectasia developed after phacoemulsification in an eye previously treated with INTRACOR. There was a myopic refractive surprise after cataract surgery. Corneal tomography showed an increase in keratometry and elevation profile compared with preoperative examination. Soft contact lenses and intraocular pressure-lowering medications were prescribed as interim treatment. Clinical improvement was seen gradually, and the resolution of myopia and ectasia was achieved at 3 months. We believe that high intraocular pressure during phacoemulsification and the weakening effect of femtosecond intrastromal presbyopic treatment can be the culprits.

Cataract surgery outcomes in adult patients with Down's syndrome.

PURPOSE: To describe the outcomes of cataract surgery in adult patients with Down's syndrome at a tertiary eye hospital in Hong Kong. METHODS: Retrospective case-file analysis was performed to identify patients with Downs's syndrome who underwent cataract surgery between January 2002 and December 2012. Morphology of cataract, associated ocular features and surgical and visual outcomes were analysed. RESULTS: Cataract surgery was performed in 33 eyes of 20 patients (12 males, 8 females, mean age 42.9±10.6 years) over a 10-year period. Nine patients (9/20, 45.0%) had bilateral cataracts at the time of diagnosis. White cataracts were noted in 12 eyes of 10 patients (12/33, 36.3%) at the time of presentation. Associated ocular problems included myopic maculopathy (18 eyes, 54.5%), keratoconus (12 eyes, 36.3%), nystagmus (2 eyes, 6.0%), corneal scar (2 eyes, 6.0%) and glaucoma (2 eyes, 6.0%). Five eyes (15.1%) underwent extracapsular cataract extraction whereas a phacoemulsification was performed in 28 (84.9%) eyes. Intraocular lens implantation was performed in 32/33 eyes. The most common postoperative complication was posterior capsular opacification (8 eyes, 24.2%). The mean best-corrected visual acuity improved from 0.07±0.11 preoperatively to 0.17±0.19 at 3 months postoperatively (p=0.000). CONCLUSIONS: A high incidence of bilateral cataracts as well as white cataracts was observed in patients with Down's syndrome in our study. Although the surgical outcomes of cataract surgery were good, the visual outcomes were suboptimal in our cases due to associated ocular comorbidities.